Don Robert Underwood

Rob | Joe Rangus | Elliot

World War II

Wartime Colleagues Don Underwood and Jack Valenti

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photo of Don Robert Underwood and Jack Valenti in Flight School
Jack Valenti (far left) and Don Underwood in Flight School or in theatre (undated)

Purely by luck, Don Robert went through flight school with Jack Valenti, and the two kept in touch over the years. (To family: Who has the letters?) For those who haven’t seen the PBS American Experience. Here is a snip from the transcript of the show’s episode on LBJ.  The context?  LBJ’s historic push to pass the Civil Rights Bill.

Jack Valenti, Special Assistant to the President: And he said to Dick Russell, ‘I want this Civil Rights Bill passed and you nor no one else is going to stand in my way.’ And I remember Richard Russell said to him, he said, ‘Well, Mr. President, you may do it, but I’ll tell you what — it’s going to cost you the South and it will cost you an election.’

While most people will remember Valenti as the head of the Motion Picture Association of America, Wikipedia recounts Valenti’s World War II career:

During World War II, he was a first lieutenant in the United States Army Air Force. Valenti flew 51 combat missions as the pilot-commander of a B-25 medium bomber and received four decorations, including the Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal.[1]

What we do know is that DRU was rather proud of the success his wartime colleague had in later life.

Allan Underwood WW II Story

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Training photo: 838th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy, 1943
Training photo: 838th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy, 1943. Allan Underwood in top row, 4th from left.

Despite reservations about the military-industrial complex, and the disproportionate weight given to war storytelling, the story of Allan Underwood is worth telling. The details are provided by a web site for the 487th Bomb Group, which as of this writing is still holding reunions. As the site explains, the toll on U.S. airmen was considerable; the air battles cost 26,000 lives and 18,000- wounded — 10% of all U.S. deaths in the war. This group flew B-24H/J and B17G aircraft, and it lost 33 aircraft. Its bases of operation were farflung, including locations in Nebraska, New Mexico, Florida and New Jersey. In Europe, the base was Station 137 in Lavenham, Suffolk, England.

Like his four brothers, Allan was born in Nogales. As a young man, he moved to Los Angeles where he completed one year of college, and worked in a semiskilled occupation in the building of aircraft. He was single when he enlisted in the U.S. Army in Phoenix on 21 January 1943. The version of the story I know does not include details of his training, but we know this about air crew training:

Allan Underwood marker at Arlington - credit Ross Underwood
Marker at Arlington Nat’l Cemetery (credit Ross Underwood)

Becoming a USAAF pilot during WWII wasn’t an easy, simple or quick procedure. To illustrate how difficult and dangerous the task was, consider that 324,647 cadets entered training between January 1941 and August 1945. 132,993 washed out or were killed during training. This attrition rate of nearly 40%, was due primarily to physical problems, accidents or inability to master the rigorous academic requirements. –WRAFS Museum, Arkansas

Allan’s experience would have been highly compressed. The group’s first combat mission was not flown until its control was transferred to England’s Eighth Air Force. That event took place in 7 May 1944.

Missions flown were not limited to Germany. For instance, the group flew numerous missions to attack V-weapon installations in France, marshalling points in Belgium and airfields in Holland.

From here, Paul Webber, who researched the history for the 487th Bomb Group Association, takes the story:

After training, he was assigned as navigator on the heavy bomber crew of Second Lieutenant Charlton A. Deuschle, in the 838th Bomb Squadron of the 487th Bomb Group. This Group was based at Army Air Forces Station 137, near the village of Lavenham, Suffolk, England, and was part of the 8th U.S. Army Air Force in Europe.

Lt. Underwood and seven of his crew mates were killed in action on 5 August 1944 while on a mission to bomb an aircraft factory at Magdeburg, Germany. Their aircraft, B-17G 43-38007 [which the crew dubbed “The Moldy Fig”], was shot down by flak during the bomb run, and crashed near Lostau, Germany, 13 kilometers southwest of Burg, Germany, just northeast of Magdeburg. Pilot Lt Deuschle and gunner Sgt Robert J. Crooker survived and became prisoners of war. The dead were buried initially at the village cemetery in Lostau. (Lostau is a village and a former municipality in the Jerichower Land district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 Jan 2010, it is part of the municipality Möser). After the war, Underwood’s remains were returned to the United States and re-interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. He is buried in Section 11, Site 253 LH.

Allan Underwood, 1943There are a few other details. Survivor Sgt Crooker, who told relatives that he was “severely mistreated by German civilians” while he served as a POW, reported that their B-17G took a direct flak hit on the right wing and in its bomb bay 1-2 minutes before the start of the bombing run. Part of the wing came off and the aircraft exploded, all in a matter of seconds.

German civilian losses from Eighth Air Force strategic bombing, while not associated with this particular mission, were at times consequential. For instance, a raid two months later on Duisburg, about 250 miles from the crash site, caused a firestorm and killed 2,500. Duisburg was a logistics center for the Nazis and a center for chemical, steel and iron industry at the time.

The war stories from Bill, John and Robert have not been a major part of family lore — at least not so far. From what has been determined so far, the Underwood boys were loyal, disciplined and answered a calling that — as wartime callings go — had a moral high ground.

DRU in Borneo Raid

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borneo-raid-news-square

Sister Kris recently went through newspapers that DRU saved — all without comment or annotation by him, so far as I could detect. Since tomorrow would have been his birthday, I thought all would be fascinated to read an account of a Borneo (now part of Malasia) raid he flew, reportedly, in July 1945. The story appeared in his local newspaper on the front page of the Nogales International. The “Crusaders” were a nickname for the 42nd Bombardment Group of the Army Air Force.  This force was part of the Battle of North Borneo, well described in Wikipedia.

Don Underwood in Attack on North Borneo

HEADQUARTERS 13 AAF, PHILIPPINES July 19 Second Lieutenant Don R. Underwood, pilot of a B-25 of “The Crusaders,” medium bombardment group of the 13th AAF, recently participated in a minumum altitude attack in support of ground action on Labuan, North Borneo [Google Map].

Australian Troops in Labuan North Borneo 1945
Australian Troops in Labuan North Borneo 1945

Their target was a small pocket of Nip troops and the area was so small that they could not strafe for fear of hitting their own troops. The accuracy and effectiveness of their bombing was reported the next day when the Australian troops moved in to mop up.

A total of 397 Nip dead were counted and 18 slightly dazed Japs were taken prisoner, along with one giesha [sic] girl.

Lieutenant Underwood has completed over 13 missions over enemy targets in the Halmaheras [Google Map], the Celebes [Google Map], Borneo and the Philippines since joining his organization in April 1945.

Lieutenant Underwood is the son of Mrs. Ellen C. Underwood of 106 Alameda Street, Nogales. –Nogales International,  1945-07-20.

Related: Bomber Training in Montana

Related: How to Fly a B-25 

The Unspoken-of Front

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B-25 photo via Wikipedia
Mitchell B-25

When this belated factoid appeared as a correction in the NYT,  I wanted to pick up the phone and call the house in Tucson where I still picture him sitting. From that spare and uncomfortable roost, he would probably have given a glancing, indirect account of how friendly fire incidents were discussed and reported in the World War II theater where he served as an Army Air Force B-25 pilot. It was a mistaken B-25 strike that killed the NYT reporter and U.S. troops on that day in 1942. Or he would have simply said, “Yes,” in a tone of voice that hinted at horrors he witnessed, or feared, and, silently, “Speak of it no more this day.”

Military-Industrial Service

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Eisenhower Farewell Address - TV via Wikipedia
Eisenhower Farewell Address

As Eisenhower noted in his farewell speech cautioning the nation about the rising power of the military-industrial complex (MIC), Americans are touched in many ways by the U.S. military. In the draft era, some were called to serve directly. In the voluntary service era, some chose to serve. Many more were affected by working as civil servants on military bases or defense laboratories, developed personnel or weapons systems, worked in VA hospitals and clinics. Still more were indirectly affected by the toll that war takes on a family.

In this sense, our family is no different.  In World War I, DRU’s mother Ellen was a volunteer in the Navy nursing corps. Don Robert and his brothers John, Bill and Allan Underwood all served in World War II.  Bill became a career officer in the Air Force. DRU’s first wife Billie was an Army nurse, and the two met when DRU was convalescing at a Van Nuys hospital from what was then called shell shock. Billie’s brother John served in the Navy during World War II, and brother Jay served as an officer in the Army, working in electronics. Mark’s first wife Kathleen worked in a Navy Personnel laboratory where Mark also later worked, and she continued to help military wives and family members when she became a clinical psychologist. Mark’s business ventures often entailed work that was sponsored by DARPA, Air Force or Army research initiatives, and he worked at several defense contract outfits (Visicom Labs, Applied Visions).

This is just a sampling of the military-industrial reach. Many family members have been omitted from this brief list. How families have been affected by such service is perhaps less well understood than the conversation about PTSD would indicate. For those who survive — and of course most do — it can be a steady, sometimes even rewarding career choice. For others, the frequent relocations can put a burden on families, especially women. The goal of military work — to deter and in necessary defeat by destroying what is today’s enemy — contains many paradoxes that not everyone has worked through.

There is little doubt that what became the MIC had a major impact on DRU and his family.